Black September - 1882 Words

Black September Black September is both the name of Jordan’s war on the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in the early seventies and the name of Palestinian terrorist movement created in revenge of the aftermath of Palestinian losses of the war in Jordan. Black September was a movement created by a break away Palestinian faction of Fatah. Fatah Is a Palestinian political party and the largest faction of the PLO. In Palestinian politics it is a more liberal group on the left wing of the spectrum, it is mainly a nationalistic group with some traits of socialism. Fatah’s goal was to have liberation of Palestine and eradication of the Zionist existence. Fatah is not considered a terrorist group by any government. In the late†¦show more content†¦Gutfreund was fired upon with an AK-47 nearly cutting him in half but his actions saved his roommate, coach Tuvia Sokolovsky, and gave him enough time to smash a window and escape. Wrestling coach Moche Weinberg fought back against the intruders, who shot him through his cheek and then forced him to help them find more hostages. Leading the kidnappers past Apartment 2, Weinberg lied to the kidnappers by telling them that the residents of the apartment were not Israelis. Instead, Weinberg led them to Apartment 3, where the terrorists corralled six wrestlers and weightlifters as additional hostages. As the athletes from Apartment 3 were taken back to the coaches’ apartment, Weinberg again attacked the kidnappers, allowing one of his wrestlers, to escape through the underground parking garage. Weinberg knocked one of the group members out and stabbed another with a knife before being shot to death. A weightlifter also attacked and wounded one of the intruders before being shot and killed. â€Å"The terrorists were left with nine living hostages. They were, in addition to Gutfreund, shooting coach Kehat Shorr, athletics coach Amitzur Shapira, fencing master Andre Spitzer, weightlifting judge Yakov Springer, wrestlers Eliezer Halfin and Mark Slavin, and weightlifters David Berger and Zeev Friedman. Gutfreund, physically the largest of the hostages, was tied to a chair. The rest were lined up four apiece on the two beds in SpringerShow MoreRelatedTerrorism And Its Effects On The World981 Words   |  4 Pagespaper is going to define and discuss the issue of terrorism and explain the why is it so difficult to get a specific definition for term â€Å"terrorism†, while making references to some terrorist events and organization such as the holocaust, the black September organization, the boko-haram of west Africa and the al-Qaeda group. Major historic terrorism/ Mass genocide event has been as a result of differences in political beliefs. In most cases this involves, the left and right winged ideologies and aRead MoreMunich Massacre6185 Words   |  25 PagesInvestigation: Outline the main historical debates, perspectives or interpretations you will be discussing Discuss the role that West-German authorities played during the 1972 Munich Olympic crisis, specifically addressing their preparation prior to Black September’s terrorist, as well as their consequent actions and decisions made during the crisis. Primarily, assess whether criticisms of the West-German authorities’ handling and preparation of the 1972 Munich Massacre are valid, and thus justifiableRead MorePolitics in Sports2095 Words   |  9 PagesGerman authorities denied them and assured that there will be extra security in the building they stayed in. The Olympics started as a great success with great atmosphere; however, in the beginning of the second week a group of terrorists called â€Å"Black September† took hostage 11 Israeli athletes and coaches and in return for their lives demanded the release of hundreds of hostages from Israeli jails as well as some radical leaders from the German prison. The Israeli government didn’t agree, and the GermanRe ad MoreThe Effects Of Hate Crimes Against Muslims978 Words   |  4 PagesOn September 11th of 2001, more than 3,000 people died during the terrorist attacks. The event changed the lives of not just the people whose loved ones died on that day, but also of those who belonged to the Islamic world. The experience of Muslims who lived in America in 2001 and those who were yet to come here would never be the same again. After 9/11, the number of hate crimes against Muslims in the United States increased and their everyday lives changed forever due to the rise of islamophobiaRead MoreSalient Features of Indian Economy8291 Words   |  34 Pagesrobust increase in exports and low inflation and interest rates. 2. India is the second fastest growing economy of the world at present. The GDP growth in the first nine months of 2003-2004 has averaged 8.1%. The growth rate in the third quarter September - December 2003 reached 10.4% making India the fastest growing major market in the world in that period. India has recorded one of the highest growth rates in the 1990s. The target of the 10th Five Year Plan (2002-07) is 8%. India’s services sectorRead MoreAnalysis : The 9 / 11 Memorial 1381 Words   |  6 Pagesmemorial that they fully understand the sorrow that comes with the memory of our nation’s tragedy. The first thing that visitors can view at the memorial is the giant pools that replace and represent where the towers once stood. The pools shine black with the water rolling to the middle of the pools. At night, the pools are lit so that the thoughts of the victims are constantly in our minds. When I looked over the edge of the pools, the image of the fallen towers rushes to my mind like the waterRead MoreEssay on Racial Profiling1047 Words   |  5 PagesHypothesis/Outline Hypothesis: The events of September 11th has caused racial profiling, a practice that was vilified by many just months ago, to become a common and accepted practice used by the government, airline officials, police agencies, and the American public. Profiling has also become a necessary tool used to prevent further terrorist attacks on the United States. Map of the Territory: I. Racial profiling is the practice of selecting someone for investigation or stronger actionRead More9/11: Why It Could Happen Again Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 11th 2001, the day that changed America forever. On this day, 3,000 Americans including civilians, police officers, firefighters and paramedics were innocently murdered by al-Qaeda terrorist. Commercial airline planes were used as missiles and flown into the World Trade Center in NY, the Pentagon in the nations capital, and in a open field in Pennsylvania. For America being the most technology advanced nation in the world, along with having the largest, strongest and most advance militaryRead MoreEssay on Comparing Documentaries: 9/11 and September Mourning994 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Documentaries: 9/11 and September Mourning The ways in which the codes and conventions are used the documentaries are that many of them have an interviewer this is sometimes either an invisible interviewer or the interviewer is present and is can be picked out by the audience. Also the camera work differs. The two documentaries I will be concentrating on will be 9/11 by the Naudet brothers (9/11, Naudet Brothers, 2002, Fr/US) 9/11was released by 21stRead MoreThe United States Intervention With Terrorism1081 Words   |  5 Pageswas first derived years after the first World War, but France and the United Kingdom has been allies before those wars. To get back to the point, after September 11, 2001 with the World Trade Center, attacks it was evident on who the main contributors of the attacks were: al-Qaeda. And so coined the term â€Å"The War on Terror.† Before, the September 11 attacks, al-Qaeda was already a popular terror organization formed by Osama Bin Laden and was the main opposition of the Jews. To continue, Israel was

Franklin Delano s New Deal Radical - 1405 Words

Was Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal Radical? The end of the first world war brought about a recession and then nearly a decade of prosperity in the United States. However, on October 29th, 1929, during Herbert Hoover’s presidency, the stock market crashed due to a multitude of problems within the country. At this point, thousands of people that had prospered before the crash, were homeless, jobless, and in a state of penury. In the 1932 election, Franklin Delano Roosevelt ran against the former president, Republican Herbert Hoover, and defeated him in a landslide, receiving the electoral vote in all but six states (Appleby, 651). As Roosevelt was taking office, the unemployment rates were skyrocketing, and more and more people were†¦show more content†¦Reform and reconstruction were represented by new regulations and monetary policies, it stressed the importance of change to make understanding principles of, â€Å"justice and fairness by those in whom lea dership was placed,† and to correct conditions in the economy. (Bolden, 48). Other goals that the New Deal was set to accomplish were: helping the banking industry recover from its failure after the stock market crashed, lowering the unemployment rate from a record high of twenty five percent in 1932, and to restore the hope and confidence of the public. (Appleby, Roosevelt’s New Deal went about all of these in a similar means, but it was condemned and criticized by many for some of the programs that were installed. Enhancing the government was something that the New Deal was able to accomplish, however not without criticism. Through New Deal policies, the government became more powerful than it had previously been, and was now given more of a parental role over certain aspects of the economy. It had been given a much larger role in the stock market, which is still in place today, though it had previously been removed. This role was considered largely controversial by many people, and it continues to be to this day. Without the government’s help in these matters, which was proven in the 2008 recession, the stock market would crash again,

anselm;s proslogion Essay Example For Students

anselm;s proslogion Essay Back to Medieval Source BookANSELM ON GODS EXISTENCEGods existence was to some extent obvious for medieval theologians. They simply knew he existed. Nevertheless, they attempted to prove his existence anyway, and the basic strategies employed by them are the ones used every since. Here two approaches are presented. The first, by Anselm, is perhaps the most puzzling. While it has not been all that popular with the average believer, it has fascinated philosophers, and even today there are respectable philosophers who accept it. Anselm himself is equally fascinating, since he combined the seemingly disparate roles of saint, ecclesiastical leader, and major philosopher. He was born in 1033 near Aosta, which is now in Italy. At the age of twenty-three he quarreled with his father and began a period of wandering through France on what seems to have resembled an educational grand tour. After trying the schools at Fleury-sur-Loire and Chartres, he arrived at the Benedictine abbey of Bec, which was enjoying an excellent reputation thanks to Lanfranc, who served as both prior and master of its school. Anselm entered the abbey as a novice in 1060 and rapidly rose to eminence. When Lanfranc moved to the new monastery founded at Caen in 1063 by William, the Duke of Normandy, Anselm became prior at Bec, a position he held until he became abbot in 1078. By that time William the Duke had become William the Conqueror and was in the process of reorganizing England. He had brought Lanfranc over as Archbishop of Canterbury, and when Lanfranc died William Rufus, who had succeeded William the Conqueror as king of England, imported Anselm to be the new archbishop. Anselm arrived in 1093 and almost from the moment he touched English soil he was fighting with William to gain ecclesiastical freedom from royal control. By 1097 he was conducting the battle from exile, and was allowed to return only in 1100, when William Rufus was succeeded by Henry I. He got along no better with Henry, however, and in 1103 was back in exile, returning only in 1107 when the stubborn king and equally stubborn archbishop worked out a compromise that became the standard formula for settling church-state quarrels in the twelfth century. Anselm died in 1109. If Anselm was sure of himself in ecclesiastical politics, he was equally so in theology. His associate and biographer Eadmer gives a remarkably telling deathbed scene. It was Palm Sunday, and one of those clustered around Anselms bed remarked that it looked as if the archbishop would be celebrating Easter with God, Anselm replied, Well, if thats what God wants Ill gladly obey him, but if he prefers to let me stay here long enough to solve the problem of the origin of the soul (which Ive been thinking about a great deal lately) I would gratefully accept that opportunity, because I doubt if anyone else is going to solve it once Im gone. Something should be said about the intellectual climate in Anselms time. The main conflict in the eleventh century was between those who saw theology as little more than Bible commentary and those who felt that rational analysis and argument was needed. The first group argued that God was such a mystery, so intellectually inaccessible, that we could hope to talk about him at all only in the symbolic language he himself had graciously given us for that purpose. Nor could we expect to get beyond that language, to infer other truths from it by reason. Anselms writings place him securely in the second group. As he suggests at the beginning of the Proslogion, sin has so darkened our minds that we cannot hope to reach the truth unless God graciously leads us to it. He does so by offering us the truth through revelation and by inspiring us to accept that revelation in faith. Once we accept the truth on that basis, however, we can hope to reason out proofs for what we have already accepted t hrough faith. God is rational, and what he does is rational, and we ourselves are blessed with reason. Thus we should be able to discover the rationality of Gods actions, at least to some extent. We are like students who, unable to solve a mathematical problem, are given the answer to it and then discover they can reason out why that answer is correct. If later theologians found themselves uneasy with this approach, it was because they suspected that even the most brilliant student could not be expected to work out the problem quite as well as Anselm thought he had. In his other major work, the Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man), he offers an explanation for the Christs incarnation and crucifixion which essentially argues that God had to do it that way because it was the only logical course he could follow, given the divine attributes of omnipotence and justice. God had to redeem humankind or else the eternal purposes for this it had been created would have been thwarted and Gods omnipotence would have been compromised; yet humankind also had to be punished for the fall or else Gods justice would have been compromised. Anselms argument which explained the course of sacred history not only in broad outline but in excruciating detail made the whole thing very accessible to human reason, perhaps too accessible. Later theologians sus pected that the rationality was achieved by trapping God within the rational structures of the created world. In the final analysis God wasnt very much like us, and we couldnt explain his actions by assuming he had to follow the same rules we do. Abelard, writing somewhat later, suggested that the world was, after all, Gods creation and he could do as he pleased with it. If he wanted to forgive humankind, why couldnt he simply forgive it? PROSLOGIONChapter 1: Encouraging the Mind to Contemplate GodCome on now little man, get away from your worldly occupations for a while, escape from your tumultuous thoughts. Lay aside your burdensome cares and put off your laborious exertions. Give yourself over to God for a little while, and rest for a while in Him. Enter into the cell of your mind, shut out everything except God and whatever helps you to seek Him once the door is shut. Speak now, my heart, and say to God, I seek your face; your face, Lord, I seek.Come on then, my Lord God, teach my heart where and how to seek you, where and how to find you. Lord, if you are not here, where shall I find you? If, however, you are everywhere, why do I not see you here? But certainly you dwell in inaccessible light. And where is that inaccessible light? Or how do I reach it? Or who will lead me to it and into it, so that I can see you in it? And then by what signs, under what face shall I seek you? I have never seen you, my Lord God, or known your face. What shall I do, Highest Lord, what shall this exile do, banished far from you as he is? What should your servant do, desperate as he is for your love yet cast away from your face? He longs to see you, and yet your face is too far away from him. He wants to come to you, and yet your dwelling place is unreachable. He yearns to discover you, and he does not know where you are. He craves to seek you, and does not know how to recognize you. Lord, you are my Lord and my God, and I have never seen you. You have made me and nurtured me , given me every good thing I have ever received, and I still do not know you. I was created for the purpose of seeing you, and I still have not done the thing I was made to do. Oh, how miserable mans lot is when he has lost what he was made for! Oh how hard and dire was that downfall! Alas, what did he lose and what did he find? What was taken away and what remains? He has lost beatitude for which he was made, and he has found misery for which he was not made. That without which he cannot be happy has been taken away, and that remains which in itself can only make him miserable. Back then man ate the bread of angels for which he now hungers, and now he eats the bread of griefs which he did not even know back then. Alas for the common grief of man, the universal lamentation of Adams sons! He belched in his satiety, while we sigh in our want. He was rich, we are beggars. He happily possessed and miserably abandoned, we unhappily lack and miserably desire, yet alas, we remain empty. Why, since it would have been easy for him, did he not keep what we so disastrously lack? Why did he deprive us of light, and cover us with darkness instead? Why did he take life a way from us and inflict death instead? From what have we poor wretches been expelled, and toward what are we being driven? From what have we been cast down, in what buried? From our fatherland into exile, from the vision of God into blindness. From the happiness of immortality into the bitterness and horror of death. What a miserable transformation! From so much good into so much evil! A heavy injury, a heavy, heavy grief. I have come to you as a poor man to a rich one, as a poor rich to a merciful giver. May I not return empty and rejected! And if I sigh before I eat (Job 3:4), once I have sighed give me something to eat. Lord, turned in (incurvatus) as I am I can only look down, so raise me up so that I can look up. My iniquities heaped on my head cover me over and weigh me down like a heavy load (Ps. 37:5). Dig me out and set me free before the pit created by them shuts its jaws over me (Ps. 67:16).Let me see your light, even if I see it from afar or from the depths. Teach me to seek you, and reveal yourself to this seeker. For I cannot seek you unless you teach me how, nor can I find you unless you show yourself to me. Let me seek you in desiring you, and desire you in seeking you. Let me find you in loving you and love you in finding you. I acknowledge, Lord, and I give thanks that you have created in me this your image, so that I can remember you, think about you and love you. But it is so worn away by sins, so smudged over by the smoke of sins, that it cannot do what it was created to do unless you renew and reform it. I do not even try, Lord, to rise up to your heights, because my intellect does not measure up to that task; but I do want to understand in some small measure your truth, which my heart believes in and loved. Nor do I seek to understand so that I can believe, but rather I believe so that I can understand. For I believe this too, that unless I believe I shall not understand (Isa. 7:9). A Poets History EssayNevertheless, that this being must exist not only in my mind but in reality as well is proved to me by the following argument: If it did not, then whatever did exist in reality would be greater, and thus the thing which has already been proved to exist in my mind will not be greater than everything else. If it is said that this being, which cannot be conceived of in terms of any existing thing, exists in the mind, I do not deny that it exists in mine. But through this alone it can hardly be said to attain existence in reality. I will not concede that much to it unless convinced by some indubitable argument. For whoever says that it must exist because otherwise that which is greater than all other beings will not be greater than all other beings, that person isnt paying careful enough attention to what he says. For I do not yet grant, in fact I deny it or at least question it, that the thing existing in my mind is greater than any real thing. Nor do I concede th at it exists in any way except this: the sort of existence (if you can call it such) a thing has when the mind attempts to form some image of a thing unknown to it on the basis of nothing more than some words the person has heard. How then is it demonstrated to me that the thing exists in reality merely because it is said to be greater than everything else? For I continue to deny and doubt that this is established, since I continue to question whether this greater thing is in my mind or thought even in the way that many doubtful or unreal things are. It would first have to be proved to me that this greater thing really exists somewhere. Only then will we be able to infer from the fact that is greater than everything else that it also subsists in itself. For example, they say there is in the ocean somewhere an island which, due to the difficulty (or rather the impossibility) of finding what does not actually exist, is called the lost island. And they say that this island has all manner of riches and delights, even more of them than the Isles of the Blest, and having no owner or inhabitant it is superior in the abundance of its riches to all other lands which are inhabited by men. If someone should tell me that such is the case, I will find it easy to understand what he says, since there is nothing difficult about it. But suppose he then adds, as if he were stating a logical consequence, Well then, you can no longer doubt that this island more excellent than all other lands really exists somewhere, since you do not doubt that it is in your mind; and since it is more excellent to exist not only in the mind but in reality as well, this island must necessarily exist, because if it didnt, any other island really existing would be more exc ellent than it, and thus that island now thought of by you as more excellent will not be such. If, I say, someone tries to convince me though this argument that the island really exists and there should be no more doubt about it, I will either think he is joking or I will have a hard time deciding who is the bigger fool, me if I believe him or him if he thinks he has proved its existence without having first convinced me that this excellence is something undoubtedly existing in reality and not just something false or uncertain existing in my mind. In the meantime, this is how the fool answers. If it is asserted in the first place that this being is so great that its nonbeing is logically inconceivable (this in turn being proved by nothing except that otherwise it would not be greater than all other beings), then the fool can answer, When did I say that such a being, namely one greater than all others, actually exists, thus allowing you to proceed from there to argue that it so really exists that its very nonexistence is inconceivable? It should first be proved conclusively that some being superior to (that is, greater and better than) all others exists, so that on this basis we can go on to prove the attributes such a greater and better being must possess. When, however, it is said that this highest being cannot be thought of as not existing, perhaps it would have been better to say that its nonbeing or the possibility of its nonbeing is unintelligible. For strictly speaking false things are unintelligible even though they can be thought of in the same way the fool thought God did not exist. I am absolutely certain that I exist, although I nevertheless know that my nonexistence is possible. And I understand without doubting it that the highest thing there is, namely God, exists and cannot not exist. I do not know, however, whether I can think of myself as nonexistant when I know for certain that I exist. If it turns out that I can do so in this case, why should I not be able to do the same concerning other things I know with equal certainty? If I cannot, though, the impossibility of doing so will not be something peculiar to thinking about God. The other parts of that book are argued with such veracity, brilliance and splendor, and filled with such value, such an intimate fragrance of devout and holy feeling, that they should in no way be condemned because of those things which, at the beginningit also prove that he exists are rightly intuited but less firmly argued. Rather those things should be argued more robustly and the entire work thus received with great respect and praise. ANSELMS REPLY TO GAUNILOSince whoever wrote this reply to me is not the fool against whom I wrote in my treatise but instead one who, though speaking on behalf of the fool, is a catholic Christian and no fool himself, I can speak to him as a catholic Christian. You say whoever you are who claim that the fool can say these things that something greater than which cannot be thought of is in the mind only as something that cannot be thought of in terms of some existent thing known to us. And you say that one can no more argue, since a being greater than which cannot be thought of exists in my mind it must also exist in reality, than one can argue, the lost island certainly exists in reality because when it is described in words the hearer has no doubt that it exists in his mind. I say in reply that if a being greater than which cannot be thought of is neither understood nor thought of, nor is it in our understanding or our thought, then God either is not that greater than which cannot be thought of or he is not understood or thought of, nor is he in the understanding or mind. In proving that this is false I appeal to your faith and conscience. Therefore a being greater than which cannot be thought of is really understood and thought of and it really is in our understanding and thought. And that is why the arguments by which you attempt to prove the contrary either are not true or what you think follows from them does not follow from them at all. Moreover, you imagine that although a being greater than which cannot be thought of is understood, it does not follow that it exists in our understanding nor does it follow that, since it is in our understanding, it must exist in reality. I myself say with certainty that if such a being can even be thought of as existing, it must necessarily exist. For a being greater than which cannot be thought of cannot be thought of except as having no beginning; but whatever can be thought of as existing yet does not actually exist can be thought of as having a beginning. Therefore a being greater than which cannot be thought of cannot be thought of yet not actually exist. Therefore, if it can be thought of, it nBibliography-Translation by David Burr emailprotected. See his home page. He indicated that the translations are available for educational use. He intends to expand the number of translations, so keep a note of his home page. Paul Halsall Jan 1996 emailprotected

Business Economics and Suppliers Implements Strategies

Question: Describe about the Business Economics and Suppliers Implements Strategies. Answer: 1: In order to gain the maximum revenue, the suppliers implements strategies. There are a number of ways in which the suppliers are able to increase their revenue depending upon the market demand and supply of the product. Case 1: Introduction In a perfectly competitive market, the suppliers intend to lower the price of the products offered to the customers in the market, when the market economy is slow. Lowering the price level allows the supplier to sell more products and earn higher revenue. Analysis Li Zhang, (2013) stated that if the demand curve of the product supplied is perfectly elastic, then the customers are likely to purchase lesser quantity and thus, reducing the price is beneficial in increasing the revenue (Refer to appendix 1). From the figure, it can be inferred that at price level P1 (Rs. 5 per unit) the amount sold is Q1 (10 units), then the revenue obtained by the supplier is P1*Q1 = 50. On the other hand, with the decrease in the price level P2 (Rs. 3 per unit), the quantity sold is Q2 (25 units). The new revenue earned is P2*Q2= 75. Conclusion Therefore, the supplier is able to increase the revenue by lowering the price, if the demand is perfectly elastic (Negash Kirschen, 2014). Case 2: Introduction The supplier can decide to raise the price level of the goods so as to boost up the revenue if the products offered by the supplier have a perfectly inelastic demand curve. Analysis For such a commodity, the consumers would purchase the same quantity of product even if the price level is high (Refer to appendix 2). As per the diagram, the initial price level is P1 (Rs. 3 per unit) and the quantity sold is Q1 (8 units) and the revenue earned is P1*Q1= 24. Conclusion The perfectly inelastic demand curve indicates that rise in the price level will not affect the demand to large extent. The new price level is P2 (Rs. 7 per unit) and the quantity sold is Q2 (6 units). The new revenue thus earned is P2*Q2= 42. 2: Introduction Every economy has diverse natural, capital and human resources and has separate ways in which the resources are combined. Thus, a country is not similarly resourceful in producing all goods and services. The decision regarding the producing of goods have certain opportunity costs (Johnson, 2013). Analysis If a country is efficient in producing all the goods efficiently than any other country then it has an absolute advantage. However, Feenstra, (2015) opined that trade is necessary as the notion of comparative advantage is present, which is a condition in which a country produces a particular product at a lower opportunity cost than other economies. Hence, even if a country has absolute advantage it can engage in trade with other countries that have a comparative advantage in producing the particular goods. Conclusion The engagement in the trade will allow the countries taking part in the trade to gain a mutual benefit, as absolute advantage is a condition where the there is no mutual benefits. Thus, a country is able to produce all products more competently than the other economies even have a need to engage in trade to gain further advantage. References Feenstra, R. C. (2015). Advanced international trade: theory and evidence. Princeton university press. Johnson, H. G. (2013). International Trade and Economic Growth (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Studies in Pure Theory. Routledge. Li, C., Zhang, F. (2013). Advance demand information, price discrimination, and preorder strategies. Manufacturing Service Operations Management, 15(1), 57-71. Negash, A. I., Kirschen, D. S. (2014, July). Optimizing demand response price and quantity in wholesale markets. In 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting| Conference Exposition (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

You Belong To Me Essay Example For Students

You Belong To Me Essay Word Count: 650Mary Higgins Clark does a great job of keeping the reader in suspense. Mary Higgins Clark introduces many characters that all could me suspects in the crimes she describes in this novel. was definitely one of her best works. Dr. Susan Chandler, a clinical psychologist, is researching cases of missing women. On her daily talk show, she focuses on the case of Regina Clausen who disapeared on a cruise three years earlier. In Reginas belongings, a turquoise ring with the inscription You Belong to Me engraved on the inside of the band is found. Carolyn Wells, a viewer, calls the show and says she recieved and identical turquoise ring from a man while on a recent cruise. He tried to persuade Carolyn to leave the cruise and rejoin it in another city. Carolyn agrees to meet with Dr. Chandler to discuss the turquoise ring. On her way to meet with Dr. chandler, Carolyn was pushed in front of a van. She is seriously injured and in a coma. Carolyns husband, Justin, is suspected of trying to murder her. Dr. Chandler thinks he may also have something to do with Reginas disappearance. We will write a custom essay on You Belong To Me specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Soon other people that are related to the case are mysteriously murdered. Hilda Johnson who witnessed Carolyns accident claims it was intentional. Hilda si murdered after she tells the police her side of the story. The next day on Dr. Chandlers show a viewer named Tiffany calls and says her boyfriend bought her an identical turquoise ring. She cannot remember the exact location, but it was a shop in Greenwich Village. Tiffany also mentions that the day she was there a sharp dressed man came in and bought several turquoise rings. Soon both Tiffany and the shop owner are brutally stabbed to death. In the meantime, Dr. Chandler is dating two people. One is a psychologist and guest on her show, Dr. Don Richards. The other is a wealthy man named Alex Wright. Certain facts are introduced about both of these men that lead the reader to beleive that one of them may be the murderer. As Dr. Chandler gets closer to solving the case, she does not realize the danger she is in. While working late one night, she is hit over the head by a man, Alex Wright. This is the climax of the novel because the reader finally discovers who the killer is. Alex then admits to the previous murders. He also reveals the abuse he received from his stepmother while growing up. Killing the women is a release of rage for him. Alex now wraps Dr. Chandler up in a plastic bag to kill her. She saved herself by cutting the bag on a piece of broken glass. Dr. Chandler solved the case and saved her life;she also put a murderer in jail. You Belong to Me points out the dangers vulnerable lonely women face. Mary Higgins Clarks characters are definitely believable with the help of a present day setting in New York. You Belong to Me is a very suspenseful book in which the purpose is to mainly entertain. Mary Higgins Clark creates two evident conflicts in this novel, person vs. person and person vs. self. The conflict person vs. person is apparent when Alex is murdering he victims and when Dr. Chandler is working against him to solve the case. Person vs. self is a major conflict because his main targets are women who are lonely and have no self-esteem. This conflict is also shown when Alex reveals the emotional abuse his stepmother inflicted on him. You Belong to Me is a well-written book intended for young adults and adults, it is a must read novel.

More Answers to Questions About Punctuation

More Answers to Questions About Punctuation More Answers to Questions About Punctuation More Answers to Questions About Punctuation By Mark Nichol Here are my responses to three recent queries from readers about various punctuation matters. 1. In the sentence â€Å"I went to school, although I was feeling ill,† is the comma correct, or is it optional where the meaning is clear? Most subordinating conjunctions require no preceding comma (for example, consider sentences in which before, if, or when bridge two independent clauses), but those that come before a contrasting statement, such as one that begins with although and whereas, should be preceded by one. 2. In the following sentence, is the use of single inverted commas correct, or incorrect?: â€Å"I thought to myself, ‘It’s a good thing that we are going down the stairs, as I would never be able to climb them back.’† For internal thoughts, format as you have done, or italicize thoughts instead of enclosing them in inverted commas (or quotation marks, as they’re usually called in the United States). Here’s a post I wrote on the topic. 3. Today I wrote the sentence â€Å"The assessment is no longer required for technologists; only managers and higher.† I wasn’t sure which punctuation to use where the semicolon is. A comma wouldn’t provide a long enough pause to get my point across. I toyed with the idea of a colon, but it didn’t seem quite right. I went with a semicolon because â€Å"only managers and higher† seemed like a truncated independent clause. Seeing it now (after clicking Send), I think it maybe should have been a dash. What do you think? I think that a comma is sufficient in this sentence, but, yes, for more emphasis, I would use an em dash (and follow it with â€Å"only for managers and higher†). A colon isn’t appropriate, because what follows is a comparison of sorts, not an expansion or definition. To merit a semicolon, what follows would have to be explicitly constructed as an independent clause, not just an abbreviated version of one. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationThe Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships Research Paper - 1

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships - Research Paper Example Is it possible to add new features to the existing product or entirely a new product needs to be developed? Where do the company’s products stand in comparison to competition in terms of overall acceptability? While marketing department’s feedback will help ascertain the key features required for a new product, the design department will help develop a product with those features. Developing a product with good aesthetics is also the responsibility of the design department. The costing department will put its efforts in keeping the cost as low as possible because that is the mantra for enhancing its acceptability. While marketing department emphasizes on ‘optimal pricing of the product’ as one of the essential requirements, the production and process department of the company will assess whether the current setup of machinery and equipment is sufficient to produce a new product commercially or any further investment on capital equipment is required. If addi tional investment is necessary, the finance department will have to explore whether it is feasible to manage those funds at all and if yes, then at what cost? The point is that while developing a new product, the project leader needs to coordinate with numerous departments and extract their expertise successfully. It is indeed a challenging job as none of the department directly reports the project leader. The project leader needs to exhibit exemplary leadership qualities to complete the task given by the company management. He needs to resolve conflict situation that may arise time to time between the departments of the company and their office-bearers, especially when it is known that the last project leader failed to resolve conflicting situations with peer managers and supervisors. While developing a new product through participatory management, the role of a project leader is multifaceted. Primarily, they need to be creative and innovative with good empathy for the customer so that they can develop a product at an affordable cost that is unique and no one else offers in the marketplace. At the same time, they must assess the company's strength accurately to deliver such a product on a commercial scale within a stipulated period. They also need to take some key decisions on final product design or features after great deliberations within the organization that may have long-term repercussions on the company. That is where they need to be visionary too. Prima facie, it may appear that the project leader functions as a coordinator and facilitator in the development of a new product but their success will largely depend upon how accurately and precisely, they can resolve all issues that may crop up during the developmental phase and in that sense, their leadershi p role takes over all other roles.

Energy Medicine as the Medicine of Future Dissertation

Energy Medicine as the Medicine of Future - Dissertation Example Within energy healing, there are various fields like contact rejuvenation, spiritual rejuvenation, bio-field energy healing, Qigong, Reiki, distant healing, and therapeutic touch. Spiritual healing is primary non-denominational (that is, it is not controlled by any specific religious group or sect) and faith based on religious traditions are not mandatory for curing patients. On the other hand, it has been noted that faith healing is based on religious notions. According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine or NCCAM (US), energy healing is one of five realms of "complementary and alternative medicine" (CAM) (NCCAM, What Is Complementary and Alternative Medicine? 2005). In their review, NCCAM classified the process of practicing energy healing into two basic categories, veritable and putative. Veritable – healing based on energy measurable energy fields, like sound or electromagnetism. Here there are use of measured and specific frequencies and wavelengths for healing patients (Vallbona and Richards, 1999). These therapies are based on the theory that energy flow and electrical impulses govern all human processes and the various processes used within the therapies tend to create low levels of energy at specific wavelengths and frequencies that aid in the healing process of a patient. Of the two forms (veritable and putative), it has been seen that science and technology of veritable form of energy medicines is developing at a fast rate with effective treatment results (Markov, 2007). In the veritable approach, Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy or PEMFT shows a great potential in treatment. This form of therapy uses non-invasive tools that produce electricity while channeling magnetic pulses, which initiate small amount of electrical charges to start the repair of body cells. PEMF is especially effective as it can pierce through body matter with loss of very low levels of energy (ibid). There are various studies that have shown the clinical effectiveness of PEMF in bone healing and growth, in repairing damages to soft tissues, restraining inflammation at the level of the cell membranes, and in controlling pain; and in 1979 after FDA approved PEMF it is now widely used within mainstream clinical treatment with high potential for future use (Simmons, Mooney, and Thacker, 2004). Putative  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ healing based on energy fields that are primarily at theory levels and remain unmeasured as in traditional Chinese medicines, Ayurveda, and homeopathy. In this approach, healers believe that a form of vital energy flows through the physical body of any human body, though it cannot be measured in an absolute form using customary techniques and measuring tools. However, the healers feel that they are capable of working with this form of hidden energy and can view it, which allows them to modify the physical body and bring in positive changes in the patient’s health condition. In these therapies the underlying vital energy force that forms the main element, is known as chi or qi in the traditional Chinese medicine while it is referred to as prana in the Indian form of Ayurveda. In an average person, his/her health is ascertained by the nature of the vital energy flow and its balance. The blocks or imbalances in the energy flow within the human body invariably lead to diseases. When such blocks or imbalances take place in the human body various energy medicine processes like acupressure or acupuncture, help the patient to regain health by correcting energy flow imbalances within the energy meridians. In energy medicinal therapies that include forms like the rejuvenating touch and Reiki, the

Aids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Aids - Essay Example Sharing the information often comes with more advantages than keeping quiet about it since it helps the partners to decide about the future of their relationships and the additional safety measures they should adopt. One major shortcoming that comes with telling a partner about one’s HIV status is that there is increased risk that the relationship may enter a rocky face as a result of mistrust, embarrassment or shock towards such revelation. Reactions towards such disclosures vary, but the fact the partners have always utilized protection means that the risk of such infections being transmitted is minimal. Disclosure of one’s HIV/AIDS status may be tough, but it can help minimize the stress that comes along with living with such infections as well as improve the overall health of the infected person. As much as it is a personal choice, there are laws in some countries that require one to share such information with specific people (AIDS, 2014). Sharing ones HIV status may go as far as preventing possible prosecution in case an individual knowingly puts his partner at risk of getting infected. Knowing about the status and sharing the information while time utilizing it, is more adva ntageous than not telling at all. This is because it gives the partners a chance to tolerate and accept each as well as lead a healthy life where the risk of the uninfected partner contracting the disease from the uninfected partner is completely eliminated (Aidsmap,

Barriers to Healthcare for Diabetic Ethnic Minorities

Barriers to Healthcare for Diabetic Ethnic Minorities Comparing Barriers to Healthcare in Diabetic Ethnic Minorities in Urban Versus Rural Settings Noreen Choudhary   Issue/Problem There has been abundant research done in the study of ethnic minorities and their access to healthcare. Attention has been paid to common barriers such as language, knowledge and communication, which are all culturally influenced. Most of this research has focused on general access to healthcare and not specific diseases. There is very little reserach on comparing barriers that exist depending on location. The issue I would be exploring in my study is determining the differences in potential barriers that exist in access to healthcare among ethnic minority diabetic individuals in urban versus rural settings. The potential barriers in access should differ depending on the location since the type and amount of resources present varies in both settings. This study hopes to contribute to the literature by focusing on diabetes and determining the differences in barriers that exist for ethnic minorities in the urban versus rural settings. Background The regions with the greatest incidence of diabetes are Africa and Asia, where the rates are expected to rise two or three times (Oldroyd, Banerjee, Heald Cruickshank, 2005). The three countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes are USA, China and India (Oldroyd et al., 2005). The largest increases are expected in Brazil, Indonesia, Bangladesh , Pakistan and Japan (Oldroyd et al., 2005). Type 2 diabetes is most common among ethnic minority groups residing in developed countries (Oldroyd et al., 2005). Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical attention as well as self-management education (American Diabetes Association, 2002). Renfrew et al. (2013) reported on barriers to care present in a Cambodian population near Boston. The study highlighted the importance of a culturally sensitive healthcare system for Cambodians (Renfrew et al., 2013). The researchers found the following barriers in access to healthcare: patients’ views of chronic disease, diabetes management, communication, psycho-social factors, diabetes etiology and explanatory models and fears of interacting with the healthcare system (Renfrew et al., 2013). The researchers were advocating for a culturally sensitive approach to healthcare for this population because most of the barriers identified were culturally influenced. Some of these culturally influenced barriers were patients’ mistrust in the western model of health, replacement by alternative medicine, belief that western medicine is an ‘instant’ cure, and desire to please the practitioners (Renfrew et al., 2013). Researchers found these barriers among other whic h were influenced by cultural beliefs of the patients (Renfrew et al., 2013). Smith, Garie, and Schmitz (2014) illustrated self-reported use of diabetes healthcare services in a Quebec community-based sample. The study found that people with major depression were more likely to be high users or non-users of diabetes healthcare services (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). People with major depression reported more problems with accessing diabetes healthcare services (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). People with major depression perceived more problems with the healthcare they received (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). The results also showed that people with major depression perceived problems with the length of time they had to wait to see a doctor, that there is a lack of specialist care in their area and are more likely to report having problems getting to the doctor due to transportation and health problems (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). The low service users represent a particularly vulnerable group who may need to be targeted by interventions in order to encoura ge them to visit a doctor (Smith, Garie, Schmitz, 2014). The finding in this study was important because it showed that perceived problems with accessing healthcare services could impact utilization of healthcare. Wagner et al. (2013) reports on the effects of trauma on the risk for disease development and access to healthcare. Mental health problems among Southeast Asian refugees are well known but the long term affects of mass violence as re-settled refugees age are less well described (Wagner et al., 2013). This study investigated any potential relationship that may exist between trauma symptoms, self-reported health outcomes, and barriers to healthcare among Cambodian and Vietnamese persons in Connecticut (Wagner et al., 2013). Healthcare access and occurrence were measured regarding patient-provider understanding, cost and access, and interpretive services (Wagner et al., 2013). Individuals with greater levels of trauma symptoms were associated with greater lack of understanding, cost and access problems, and the need for an interpreter (Wagner et al., 2013). Although these Southeast Asian immigrants arrived to United States as refugees more than 20 years ago, there continues to be high l evels of trauma symptoms among this population which are associated with increased risk for disease and decreased access to healthcare services (Wagner et al., 2013). This article was interesting because it didn’t mention the usual barriers we talk about when it comes to access to healthcare (such as language). The last article I found was titled, ‘Diabetes care quality is a question of location’ by The Press Association. The article talks about the standard of diabetes healthcare in England depending on a postcode lottery (The Press Association, 2013). The quality of care patients receive depends whether it’s provided by a GP or a hospital, it depends on the location (The Press Association, 2013). The report found big regional differences in patients’ access to quality, integrated care (The Press Association, 2013). Some areas were four times more likely to get annual checks needed to manage their conditions (The Press Association, 2013). This article is similar to my research project however instead of rural and urban settings, it focused on location in terms of where healthcare was sought, a clinic, hospital, or GP (The Press Association, 2013). Purpose/Aim of your Project The aim of my research proposal is to identify any potential barriers that may exist in access to healthcare among ethnic minority diabetics in rural versus urban settings. My original research proposal was investigating potential barriers in access to healthcare among ethnic minority diabetics without the location factor. When I started looking up literature, I found there was already enough information in this area and my research wouldn’t add anything distinctive to this field. I started reading more articles and doing a literature review, I didn’t find any studies comparing potential barriers in urban and rural settings. After reviewing the comments I received from the professor after the first assignment, I was actively looking for gaps in research when reading articles. Therefore, I decided to alter my original question after I found this gap. If there are differences in the types of barriers present in these two distinct settings, then hopefully my research would bring this to the forefront of healthcare providers and policymakers and would result in equitable care in urban and rural settings. Rationale/justification Canada is known for its multiculturalism with Ontario being the most ethnically diverse province [3]. Almost 13.4% of Canadians identified themselves as being a visible minority in the 2001 census [3]. Since diabetes is most prevalent in ethnic minorities and Canada is one of the most ethnically diverse countries, it’s understandable why there is an abundance of research in this field. There is a currently a gap in research that my research would potentially fulfill. While reading articles present in my field of interest, I couldn’t find any that compared barriers in access to healthcare present in urban versus rural settings. This sort of information is necessary for policymakers to reduce or even eliminate these barriers to achieve high quality of care for diabetic individuals in the future. If the results conclude that the barriers present in the urban settings differ from the ones present in the rural setting, then there is work to be done. We must ensure health equity when it comes to access to healthcare and eliminate any geographical factors that come into play. We must ensure healthy places for all individuals but especially diabetics who require a lot of social and medical support. Also, the need for culturally appropriate health care to accommodate the unique needs of ethnic minorities. The other research gap I found was studies didn’t talk about information loss during translations, either during patient and practitioner interactions or researcher and patient interactions. I think it’s an important factor to consider in studies consisting of subjects who speak another language. For instance, in one study the researchers found that patients didn’t understand the concept of chronic disease and I believe that this was due to information loss during translation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide healthcare professionals with information on the different barriers that exist among urban and rural settings in order to achieve health equity. Researchable research question The research question for my study is: What are potential barriers in access to health care among ethnic minorities with diabetes in the urban versus the rural settings? Intellectual guideposts Ontology is the theory of being or what reality fundamentally is, in social sciences it is closely linked with ethical implications (David Sutton, 2011). The basic premise of phenomenological ontology is that for humans reality is not something separate from its appearance (David Sutton, 2011). The way we think about ourselves is fundamental to what we are (David Sutton, 2011). For me, I think that health is a fundamental aspect of being human, it’s a basic right and an underlying factor in our existence. All individuals should have access to healthcare and this access should be equitable, regardless of one’s location. The particular ‘epistemological’ (theory of knowledge) stance (positivist, critical theoretical or interpretivist) will be grounded in assumptions about the basic character of being human (David Sutton, 2011). My research project is rooted in the interpretivist paradigm because I believe that access to healthcare is an important aspect of being human. Health is an important part of being human and to achieve this health, we need a culturally sensitive and acceptable healthcare system for ethnic minorities. Axiology is about the values each individual has and its influence on their research [print]. There are no value-free sociologies, values are foundational for knowledge-producing systems [print]. The topic of this study began with a personal experience I have with diabetes but eventually filtered out to form a researchable question that could add value to the field. Coming from a background in biology, we are taught that there is something wrong with the body and it needs to be fixed, that health is solely a biological factor. This was purely based in a positivist paradigm which is aligned with quantitative research. I believe that healthcare access regardless of ethnicity, location, age, sex, or gender is crucial for all humans. Coming from a country with a poor healthcare system also influences my view in terms of healthcare access. I believe that health has a strong social component which cannot be measured quantitatively and thus I adopted an interpretivist and qualitative approa ch for my study. The best way to undergo my study would be by utilizing a qualitative approach, more specifically, open-ended interviews. I want to gain insight into the barriers that are present for each individual from these ethnically diverse backgrounds. I want to understand their perspective and beliefs, and how these influence their use of the healthcare system. After I understand these barriers, I will compare the difference in the types of barriers that are present among those living in the urban and rural settings. Since I am using open ended interviews, I believe the best rhetorical choice would be passive. I believe the participants in the study should have the freedom to talk in depth about the issue at hand. I don’t want to influence their answers in any way but at the same time they should have the opportunity to freely express themselves. Especially in my study which includes ethnic minorities, there may be language barriers present so this freedom to answer freely would be a pl us for the participants. Interpretive/theoretical frame My research project will be embedded in the interpretive paradigm. More specifically, I will be adopting the constructionism theory. â€Å"Constructionists focus on how people create meaningful social reality for themselves through their interactions and thereby create a sense of order through shared beliefs (David Sutton, 2011).† Constructionists adopt qualitative approaches such as interviews and unstructured observation (David Sutton, 2011). I believe that culture is important in defining health, it influences our behaviour in terms of how we access and utilize our healthcare system. For example, Renfrew et al. (2013) talked about how people’s perceptions on chronic illness affected their use of the healthcare system. One’s culture, beliefs, views and attitudes affects their behaviour in terms of healthcare use. This is relevant to my research project because I want to understand the barriers that exist for ethnic minorities with diabetes but with the added element of comparing these barriers in two settings: urban and rural. References: American Diabetes Association. (2002). Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 25, 533-549. David, M., Sutton, C. (2011). Social research: An introduction. London : Sage Publications. Oldroyd, J., Banerjee, M., Heald, A., Cruickshank, K. (2005). Diabetes and ethnic minorities. Postgrad Medical Journal, 81, 486-490. Renfrew, M. R., Taing, E., Cohen, M. J., Betancourt, J. R., Pasinski, R., Green, A. R. (2013). Barriers to care for Cambodian patients with diabetes: Results from a qualitative study. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Undeserved, 24(1), 633-655. Smith, Garie, Schmitz (2014). Self-reported use of diabetes healthcare services in a Quebec community-based sample: impact of depression status. Public Health, 128, 63-69. The Press Association. (2013, December 10). Diabetes care quality is question of location. Nursing Times. Retrieved from http://www.nursingtimes.net/home/clinical-zones/diabetes/diabetes-care-quality-is-question-of-location/5066307.article Wagner et al. (2012). Trauma, healthcare access, and health outcomes among Southeast Asian refugees in Connecticut. Journal Immigrant Minority Health, 15, 1065–1072. Peer Feedback Form Is it clear what issue or problem the author will investigate through this study? Explain. Yes, the author is studying healthcare access by immigrants from two different backgrounds: those from developed countries and those from underdeveloped countries. It is evident in the assignment what the researcher will be trying to determine and why they have chosen to do so. There is a gap in understanding barriers in access to healthcare that exist between immigrants from developing countries and those from developed countries. Is the approach chosen, qualitative or quantitative a suitable choice, and will it bring insight into the research question? Explain. The approach is qualitative and this is a suitable choice. Since the researcher wants to understand why people over or under use the healthcare system and wants their opinion/views, it’s best to use a qualitative approach. By using interviews, for example, they can gain insight into the factors that influence people to use or not use the healthcare system in their country. Has the author explained connections to the literature, including what gaps exist in our knowledge about the topic? Explain. Yes, the author has clearly explained why they want to do this research and what gap it will fill. They have mentioned that previous research has been done on immigrants and access to healthcare, however, none have focused on the differences in this access based on country of origin (developed/developing). Are the aims of this project clear and well written? Explain. Yes, the aims are quite clear. The author wants to understand the factors that prevent immigrants from using the healthcare system based on their country of origin, the Western or Eastern countries. They want to compare these factors and understand if any differences exist. Is the research question clearly stated? Is it researchable? Does it fit well within approach the author has selected? Explain. The question is clearly stated and is researchable. It will fit with the qualitative approach that the researcher has chosen because it will allow them to understand from the immigrants’ views why they chose or didn’t choose to utilize the healthcare system. They want to understand the barriers that exist for them individually and thus, the best approach is to use qualitative methods. Has the author properly and convincingly used the intellectual guideposts for research, explaining her or his project and position relative to these? Explain. Yes, the author used the intellectual guideposts to explain her position on each one. The use of the constructionism theory in this research proposal makes sense. They want to understand the barriers that exist for each individual and this is influenced by how people create and perceive their realities, the basis of constructionism. Is it clear which paradigm and theoretical frame will be used in this study? Explain. It is quite evident that this research is based on the interpretive paradigm. As she stated in this assignment, â€Å"The largest factor guarding our interpretations of the social world is culture.† This perfectly fits with this research study because I’m sure that most of the barriers that exist in access to healthcare are influenced by culture. This is especially true for most immigrants who come from countries that are different culturally. What suggestions can you make or ideas can you bring to enhance the overall clarity of the proposal? Explain. Overall the assignment was very well done, however, I’m just wondering if you are concentrating on new or long term immigrants. I think this would potentially affect the types of barriers that are present. For example, language or knowledge would be more of a barrier for newer immigrants. Maybe you could control for this aspect, as it could be a potential confounder. Good luck! 1

Analysis of the Gempei War Essay -- Gempei War Japanese History Essays

Analysis of the Gempei War In May 1180 Prince Mochihito, the son of Retired emperor Go-Shirakawa, issued a statement urging the Minamoto to rise against the Taira. While Mochihito would be killed in June and Minamoto Yorimasa crushed at the Battle of the Uji, a fire had been set. In September Minamoto Yoritomo, who had recieved Mochihito's call from Miyoshi Yasukiyo, set about raising an army in the Province of Izu, where he had been in exile. There was an irony in the preceeding events, as Taira Kiyomori had himself sown the seeds of the war, so the poetic tale goes. His great error, we are told, had been to spare the sons of Minamoto Yoshitomo in the wake of the Heiji disturbance, allowing these three boys - Yoritomo, Noriyori, and Yoshitsune - to mature and form the leadership of a new and dangerous threat. In fact, Yoritomo's own call to arms in the east was recieved cautiously at best. He did manage to kill the local Taira governor, but was defeated at the Battle of Ishibashiyama by Oba Kagechika. In the wake of this hard setback, however, Yoritomo did recieve the valuable additon of Kajiwara Kagetoki to his staff. Elsewhere in the Kanto, local families began to respond to Yoritomo in varying degrees and in Shimosa and elsewhere set about eliminating Kyoto-appointed officals. This often provoked inter-province and occasionally inter-clan civil war, a common and oft-overlooked element of the Gempei War. By the Spring of the following year, Yoritomo could count on at least the tacit support of most of the notable families in the Kanto, although the Chubu, though by now nominally Minamoto dominated, existed beyond his immediate control. Yoritomo's Kanto domain is occasionally referred to as the TÃ ´gaku, and rather then surge forward against the Taira, he contented himself for the time being with consolidating his hold locally. The Taira response to the violence was mixed and uncertain. Kiyomori dispatched his grandson Koremori with an army eastward, but he turned back at the Fuji River in Suruga Province. Closer to home, Taira Tomomori - who would prove the most able of the Taira - had defeated the combined forces of old Minamoto Yorimasa and the warrior monks of the Miidera at the Uji River in late June. To punish the monks for their involvement thus far in the fledgling conflict, Kiyomori ordered the Miidera burned and, a few months later, a nu... ...ted to a degree for the benefit of the audience. In a sense, the specifics of the Gempei War - the battles, armies, and tactics - were secondary to the political arena. The only truly decisive battle, from a 'war-winning' standpoint, was Kurikawa. The famous fights at Ichi no Tani, Yashima, and Dan no Ura were 'nails in the coffin', conducted while Yoritomo himself was busy consolidating his hold over Minamoto occupied Japan. One might even argue daringly that Dan no Ura, which looms so large in Japanese history, was essentially a 'mopping up' operation given legendary and almost Homeric (for lack of a better word) dimensions by the Heike Monogatari's prose. Any one of the three battles mentioned probably paled in significance to the 1184 Court-Minamoto agreement that, if nothing else, paved the way for the Kamakura Bakufu. In the final analysis, many of our questions about the Gempei War - and the years preceding it - will never be conclusively answered due to a simple lack of full historical documentation. At the same time, the 20th Century saw a long-overdue reevaluation of the events leading up to the foundation of the Kamakura Bakufu. Happily, this is an ongoing endeavor.

Infection control Essay

In this research essay the essayist will discuss the principles of evidence- based nursing research and its importance in healthcare. Therefore a brief introduction in infection and infection prevention and control will also be made followed by the main focus of this research essay which will be hand hygiene by making use of five research terms, which are qualitative, quantitative, ethical consolidation, data collection and sample. In addition to this, the issue of the most common Healthcare – Associated Infections (HAIs) acquired in hospitals will also be explored and by referring to relevant research the essayist will investigate why then HAI still a major problem in the UK healthcare settings, as a number of studies and reports suggests that adequate hand hygiene practice is the key to reduce infection across the field of care (British Medical Journal, 2005; Lancet, 2007). The method used to collect the primary source of information was gathered through the use of the University library digital search, Cinahl Plus (a comprehensive source of evidence-based full-text for nursing & allied health journals, which provide concise overviews of diseases and conditions and outline the most effective treatment options based on peer-reviewed medical research. Cinahl plus is available via EBSCO host), medical journal articles, books, publications and Department of Health (DH) database, and clinical guidelines if they indicate hand hygiene as a key to control and prevent HAI. A number of keywords were used, including quantitative, qualitative and research within the title ‘infection control’, ‘hand hygiene’ and ‘HAI’ so only records containing all the keywords were saved. The resulting list of articles was then reduced to English language, adult population, and systematic reviews published between 2000 to present. Of the 26 randomized controlled trials (RCT), twelve were discarded, as some were not relevant and some were unavailable. Furthermore the remaining ten literature review was divided into subtopics: hand washing technique and decontamination, alcohol-based hand rub, MRSA, and patient infection prevention information. Evidence- based nursing practice is the term used to describe the process the nurses use to make clinical decisions and answer clinical questions based on scientifically proved evidence rather than on  assumption, intuition or tradition (Bishop and Freshwater, 2003) In order for nurses to make the correct decision, they have to be based in four approaches which include; reviewing the best available evidence from peer-reviewed researches; using their clinical expertise; determining the values and cultural needs of the individual, and determining the preferences of the individual, family and community. Therefore such could only be achieved if the nurse’s know how to access the latest research and correctly interpret and apply the findings to their clinical practice (STTI, 2005). Fact that is also supported by the Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008, which states ‘nurses must deliver care based on the best available evidence or best practice’. The fear of infection has been and will always be present in the human minds, rightly so as infections are the most common causes of death worldwide. From time to time we hear of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), C- Difficile, Norovirus, and any other organisms causing infection and threatening the health of the population (Ryan et al. 2001). Although in the developed countries the cardiovascular diseases and cancer are now the major causes, it is always an infection that tips morbidity into mortality (Meers, McPerson & Sedgwick, 2007). Infection prevention and control policies are a contentious issue in the healthcare settings. According to NICE (2012) new clinical guideline, everyone in involved in providing care must comply with the standard principles and regulations in infection control. Standard precautions should be applied at all times by the healthcare workers when caring for patients. Such can be accomplished by practising simple skills including; good hygiene in clinical environment, appropriate decontamination of hands and equipment, correct use of personal protective equipment, correct use and disposal of sharps, aseptic technique and waste disposal (DH, 2007, Pratt et al. 2007). The purpose of this is to reduce the risk of infectious diseases to staff, patients and others where care is delivered. Additionally, is the healthcare professional duty and responsibility to provide and deliver safe care to patients (NMC, 2008). According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2005, there are around 5000 death in healthcare setting due to HAI though the actual number of infections developed in the community is unknown (NHS QIS, 2005). Moreover,  with many HAIs manifesting post-hospital discharge (National Audit Office (NAO), 2000), the prevalence of HAI in the UK is likely to be greater than that reported in current official statistics, although 15-30% of these can be prevented with good infection control practices such as adequate hand hygiene practice (Damani 2003). Wilson (2006) states that hand washing are a simple procedure and the rates of procedure should be high. However the evidence points to the contrary as it written in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, suggesting that healthcare professional’s compliance to hand hygiene standards averages at 40% (CDC, 2002). Furthermore, Rumbau et al (2001) suggests that poor hand hygiene practice is the major area in contention in healthcare settings and healthcare professionals fail to comply with appropriate hand hygiene technique due to workload, understaff, and skin conditions, i.e. dermatitis (WHO,2009). Subsequently, the heavy workload may have a negative impact on compliance (O’Boyle et al, 2001, Pittet et al 1999), resulting in infecting patients with avoidable HAIs such as staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile infection (C-difficile), among others types of infection (DH, 2003). Eventually, the distress and suffering it causes to the patient who acquires the above mentioned infection whilst in hospital, leads to loss of confidence and credibility and reputation of healthcare professionals and the NHS Trusts. As a result, it brings an increase to the costs of the already under funded hospitals from increased stays, increased medical expenses and damage to the patients and their relatives who may decide taking lawsuit demands (WHO report, 2006). NAO (2000) states that the cost of HAIs is approximately  £ 1 billion per year, also around 9% of patients in hospitals in England at one time have an HAI. The Journal of Hospital Infection (JHI), (2008) own researchers A. Mears et al, carried out a quantitative and qualitative research study following the death of 180 patients infected with stomach infection in one of the worst outbreaks ever seen in the NHS Trust. The outbreak was blamed on poor measures, to manage, control and prevent infection, despite the Trust having high rates of HAI over several years (JHI, 2009). The study was aimed to investigate the potential factors linked to HAIs rates in acute NHS hospitals and which interventions may be effective to tackle this issue. The mixed methodological research terms used in the research was purposely  chosen as it has been proved that integrate both research terms (qualitative and quantitative) in a study are essential to answer different sort of questions, collect different types of data and produce different type of answer (Burnang and Hannigan, 2000, Bourgeois, 2002). In addition, multiple data sources are useful in researches or studies as they are part of within method triangulation to make the study more trustworthy and credible, also to enhance its depth by meeting different needs at different stages of a project, as well as compensates for shortcomings in any one method (Bourgeois, 2002; Kelly and Long, 2005), as it has been proved by the findings. Qualitative method is an organized, descriptive, systematic, and intensive process to collect data by using computer software programs i.e.ATLAS.ti, to efficiently examine, analyse, and organise data, also to synthesize large volumes of data (Rebar et al, 2011). This method focuses on individual perceptions and how these are described, as well as recognise that the way people behave is determined by many factors including; what is expected of them, how they interpret the behaviour of other people, and how they feel about what is happening (Rebar, Gersch, Macnee & McCabe, 2011). It is essential that the research is carried out with an open mind, as preconceptions could distort the interpretation of what is going on (Rapport, 2008). . Quantitative The method used for data collection in the study was semi-structure interview and a self- completion questionnaire with textual analysis of response to open questions, sent to 900 NHS Trust nurses. Interviews and questionnaires are the most common methods used for data collection. A questionnaire is an instrument used to collect specific written data in order to specifically target objective factors or interest (Rebar et al, 2011). Whereas interviews are better for collecting sensitive personal information as the interviewer can establish a rapport with the subject (Crombie and Davies, 2002). Out of 900 nurses interviewed 700 acknowledged that inadequate hand washing by healthcare staff was the major cause of HAI. When questioned why healthcare professionals fail to comply with appropriate hand hygiene technique, more than 70% answered that lack of time, workload and high activity levels was  the reason, and 66% answered low staff level and insufficient and inconveniently located s inks makes it difficult to comply. These findings are supported by evidence from infection control literature. However, it is clearly specified in the literature that the consequences of high activity levels experience among healthcare workers can have a negative impact on compliance (DH 2003, McCall & Tankersley, 2007). Besides The self- completion questionnaires were returned with 100% response rate. The results demonstrated that more than 95% of nurses assume that the inclusion of infection prevention and control in the staff (including medical students) training programmes may address the causes of the outbreak, therefore help to promote good infection prevention and control in the NHS Trusts hospital. Wilson (2006) argues in his literature that effective interventions in the management of HAIs, would involve a behaviour change on its own, feedback on behaviour, ownership of the problem and personal growth from healthcare staff. As such training alone would not be enough. The research terms and choice of methods used by the researcher were appropriate as it provided the reader with a detailed understanding of the issues discussed in the study also can be used as a basis for future work. The Health Protection Agency (2006) reports that MRSA tops the list of HAI acquired in the NHS hospitals by 40% and in average 4000 patients develop this condition every year. The situation is so serious that the credibility and subsistence of NHS as an institution may be in jeopardy (Cooper et al, 2004, Marshall et al, 2004& Voss, 2004). In the UK the levels of MRSA in hospital has staggering arisen from 2% in 1990 to 42% in 2000, generating a major public health problem and a source of public and political concern (Hawker, et al., 2005). Such rise has been attributed to the appearance of new strains with epidemic potential, hospital patients who are vulnerable to infections and failure to sustain good hospital hygiene, including hand hygiene. Several studies of health professionals in hospitals fault the spread of antibiotic resistant infections to poor hand hygiene and decontamination among healthcare professionals (Sharek et al.2002, Ariello et al 2004). In the document ‘Wining Ways’ released by the DH (2003), it is clearly stated that hand hygiene is essential to reducing the exposure of patients to HAIs, therefore the responsibility remains with staff to  demonstrate high levels of compliance in hand disinfection protocols. However, improving compliance with hand hygiene remains a pressing patient safety concern (Lautenbach, 2001). The WHO (2009), developed a strategy known as â€Å"Five Moments for Hand Hygiene† to improve hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers and to add value to any hand hygiene improvement strategy, also to educate healthcare workers about the benefits of effective hand washing correlated with the correct techniques and timing of hand hygiene. The strategy indicates that cleaning hands at the right time and in the correct way should be an indispensable element of care, and form an integral part of the culture of all health service, and any failure to address this issue in a satisfactory manner could be seen as a breach of the Code of Professional Conduct. As a result it may put in question the healthcare professional fitness to practice and endanger his/ hers registration (CDC, 2002; NMC, 2006). The CDC first released formal written guidelines on handwashing in hospitals in 1975, aiming to reducing the risk of infection in hospitals, though it is believed that the idea has been around long before that (JHI, 2006). The NICE (2004) and HPA(2004) guidelines proposes that effective hand washing techniques should involve preparation, washing, rinsing, drying and the sequence should take roughly 40 to 60 seconds. The preparation, involves wetting the hands under tepid water (hot water should be avoided as it increases skin irritation) before applying liquid soap to all surfaces of the hand. Then the hands must be rubbed together, paying particular attention to the tips of the fingers, the thumbs and areas between the fingers for at least 15 seconds. Finally, the hands should be rinsed thoroughly and the taps turned off by using the elbows to avoid recontamination. The hands should be pat dry with good quality paper towels which are therefore disposed of in a foot-operated bin (NICE, 2003). The above mentioned technique should be performed immediately, before direct patient contact or care (including aseptic procedures), after direct patient contact or care, after exposure to body fluid, after any contact with patient’s surrounding i.e. bed making, after touching wound dressings, handling medication, etc. Hand rubs or alcohol gel is part of the modern hand wash procedure. They are frequently used in between hand washing, as an alternative agent to water and soap or when hands are physically clean (i.e. not contaminated with organic matter or soil),  (Endacott, Jevon and Cooper, 2009). Alcohol gel/ rub should be applied in sufficient quantity to cover hands and wrists, as any surface that is not covered may leave contamination on the hands. The hands should be rubbed together briskly for approximately 10-15 seconds, until the hands feel dry. Hands should be washed with water and soap after every five applications of alcohol hand gel. Many campaigns’ and studies in hand hygiene clearly state the responsibility of healthcare professionals in the fight of infection prevention in hospitals, however sparse studies mention the involvement of patients in the combat of same. A study revealed that 70% of patients did not receive any information in hand hygiene or other information regarding infection control and prevention when admitted to hospital (British Journal of Nursing, 2007). Several literature highlight the fact that infection may be caused by the patient’s own microbial flora or acquired from other infected patient via the contaminated hands of those delivering care (A. Mears et al, 2008). A government document originally initiated in the NHS Plan (DH, 2002) to encourage the empowerment of patients through patient information, are correlated with the clinical governance strategy of engaging patients in partnership to improve care. This new concept will empower patients by allowing them to be involved in the management of their care (Duncason and Pearson, 2005), also in decision making powers between the patient and the healthcare professional (Henderson, 2003). Moreover, this newly acquired power by the patients will also empower them to be involved in monitoring and reporting on standard of cleanliness in hospital wards (DH, 2004). Additionally, Christopher Paul Duncan and Carol Dealey (2006) did a qualitative piece of research with the purpose to explore patient opinions about asking healthcare workers to wash their hands before a clinical procedure and assess if patients knowledge and awareness about infection risks they are exposed while in hospital would influence the patients’ anxiety about asking. The method used in the study to collect data was a semi-structure questionnaire designed to be used in a descriptive survey. Data collection involves the gathering of information for qualitative and quantitative research through a variety of data sources, for instance, questionnaires, observations, interviews, conversations telephone interviews, books, past researches or studies, books and documents including, public and private documents i.e. official reports or historical  documents to specifically target objective factors or interest (Mason, 2002; Rebar et al, 2011). There are two ways of collecting data: primary or/ and secondary sources. Primary sources are collected directly by the researchers themselves, whereas secondary sources are gathered through researches or studies published by others researchers. In this particularly study the initial semi-structured questions allows the researcher to gain an insight of the participant’s feelings about asking healthcare workers to wash their hands. Asking patients to ask staff to wash their hands might be challenging as there are ethical issues attached to it. Ethical issues are mainly concerned with a balance between protecting the right of participant’s privacy, safety, confidentiality and protection from deceit, whilst at same time pursuing scientific endeavour (I. Holloway, 2008). As it is outlined in the Nuremberg Code, some basic principles are to be reviewed for ethical appropriateness (Burnard, 2006). These principles include autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence. Autonomy re fers to recognition that participants have the right to decide on a course of action or follow it. Meaning, the participant must have reasonable awareness of the nature of the research and its possible consequences, based on that they whether give or withhold consent. The patients must feel free from coercion. In the context of research, the researcher must maximise the benefit of the patients whilst minimizing harm (Gillon, 2003), in the sense of , it may cause distress to the patients to ask staff to wash their hands as this may affect the care they get, reason why the chance of benefit should always outweigh the chance of harm (beneficence). Gillon (2003) defines non- maleficence as the avoidance of doing harm or the risk of doing harm. However in the Nuremberg Code, is outlined that a minor harm may sometimes offset a greater good, i.e. patients ask staff to wash their hands might affect the relationship with staff, but staff will be aware that patients have a voice in their care and therefore wash hands prior to start caring for them, then benefit all others patients. Researchers are required to ensure that all participants have an equal chance of be included from a study or benefit from it results. It is unfair and unjust to excluded participants from the study because their race, colour, gender, age or so on (National Research Ethics Service (NRES), 2006). The questionnaire was dispersed to a randomized convenience sample of 224 inpatients to all department of an acute NHS Trust hospital.  Sample in qualitative research seek to identify participants who have experience with the phenomenon of the interest to the researcher and who will bring as much depth, detail and complexity to the study (Rebar et al, 2011). In this study the researchers chose to use a convenience sampling. Conveniences sampling the participants are readily available; though members of the sample may not be best respondents in the illumination of the research question (Newell and Burnard, 2011). The returned sample was 185 since some patients were too sick to answer and further 34 patients refused to participate. The study showed that 73 (71.6%) patients felt less anxious to ask staff to wash their hands before a clinical procedure if they were using a badge saying ‘It’s OK to ask’. Patients well-informed about infection risks to themselves while in hospital were more anxious to ask, although an explanation could not be found. Out of 184 patients involved in the study only 25 (25.2%) were given information about hand hygiene and infection prevention when admitted in hospital, as opposed to 74 (74.7%) of patients who were given no information. The findings go against the DH (2003), plan to involve patients in their care management, also inform the patients about health issues they may face while in hospital (NPSA, 2004; Duncanson and Person, 2005). Whilst the kind of sampling and data collection strategies used by the researchers were detailed and descriptions of personal accounts were given, a purposive sampling would have been more appropriated as participants would have been intentionally selected as they would have more characteristics related to the purpose of the research, hence would have more relevant things to say (Newell and Burnard, 2011) Additionally, interviews would have been better choice for collecting data and would fill the existing gap in the study. In conclusion, several studies links poor hand hygiene to the high rates of hospital acquired infections in NHS hospitals, yet insufficient evidence was supplied to enable a view to be taken on its potential contribution to reducing infection (A. Mears et al, 2009). More work needs to be done on hand hygiene, standards monitoring and education of healthcare professionals in the management and improvement of infection prevention and control in primary care practice (Wilson, 2006). Undoubtedly, adequate hand hygiene is the foundation for infection control activities, however there are still  several actions which NHS Trust hospitals can put in place to prevent and reduce the risks of infection, including the environment, infecting microbes and antimicrobial stewardship, patterns of healthcare and the patient treatment and diagnostic interventions (Patient Environment Action Team, 2005). Thus, the literature appraisal has highlighted the lack of the research in these areas.

The Demerara Slave Revolt Essay Essays

The Demerara Slave Revolt Essay Essays The Demerara Slave Revolt Essay Essay The Demerara Slave Revolt Essay Essay The 1823 slave revolt in Demarara. Guyana. started on a sugar plantation called â€Å"Plantation Success†- on the east seashore of the settlement on August 23. It spread throughout the nearby country to affect slaves from at least 55 plantations. In entire. around 10 thousand of the about 75 thousand slaves who lived in the settlement rose in violent rebellion against their oppressors. The rebellion would hold been even larger. nevertheless. had the slaves succeeded in their end of distributing the rebellion to the western portion of the settlement. As it was. the rebellion still alarmed the local plantation owners sufficiently to react rapidly. and with utmost force. Using both army units and local reserves. the plantation owners and colonial functionaries killed several hundred of the arising slaves. and imprisoned 100s more to stand test and face executing. Within yearss. the rebellion had been put down. Two elements made the Demerara Revolt instead unusual. First. it mostly consisted of. and was chiefly led by Creole slaves. This upset the traditional British impression that although the wilder African-born slaves might revolt. the Creole slaves were more docile and accepting of their destiny. This was a rough challenge to any semblance of bondage as a civilizing system. In a universe in which the plantation owners had already seen the abolishment of the slave trade. and in which they could see the abolishment of bondage itself looming in the foreseeable hereafter. it was peculiarly unsettling. Besides fazing was the function played by antislavery groups from England. The unconformist evangelical motion was peculiarly involved in seeking to stop bondage wholly. From at least as early 1808. The London Missionary Society had sent missionaries to Demerara to prophesy and learn among the slaves of the settlement. Planter sentiment was ambivalent. Some thought that faith may assist maintain the slaves in cheque. Other saw the missionaries as unsafe spirit wakers. One missional – John Wray – was expelled from the settlement once it became known that he had been learning the slaves to read. Another missional – John Smith – replaced him. Besides back uping the slaves and contending for their cause. Smith kept keeping church for the slaves. He besides fought against planters’ efforts at maintaining their slaves from holding Sundays away and from go toing church. In the terminal. the battle for the slaves’ rights to hold Sundays off became a cardinal issue in the slaves’ grudges that led to the rebellion. Making usage of spiritual meetings to besides discourse political ideas and plan the rebellion. the slaves created a nexus between the missionaries and the rebellion that the missionaries may non hold been cognizant of. Historians tend to propose that Smith was unknowing. The plantation owners had a different position. In the wake of the rebellion. they arrested Smith and had him sentenced to decease by hanging for his function in the rebellion. Before his sentence could be carried out. nevertheless. Smith died in prison. The decease of 1000s of slaves. and of the white curate John Smith led to blatant reactions in England. People felt that the rebellion and its wake revealed the brutal and inhumane behaviour of the plantation owners. This helped beef up the anti-slavery motion in England. as statements of plantation owner savageness were subsequently used to back up the 1833 Parliamentary opinion to stop bondage in the British Caribbean. The Demarara Revolt hence highlights the of import functions played by both the slaves and the emancipationist groups in England in conveying about the abolishment of bondage in the British West Indies. In England. some administrations were established to run for the abolishment of bondage in the British settlements. In April 1823 a gesture was presented in the House of Commons naming for a gradual abolishment of bondage in all British settlements. but it was defeated because the bulk felt that abolishment of bondage would go forth the plantation owners without a labour force. Alternatively. steps to better the status of slaves were adopted. These ordered that female slaves should non be whipped as penalty and drivers should non transport whips in the field. These new betterment regulations were sent in a missive to all Governors of British settlements. Governor John Murray intentionally delayed its promotion. He received the missive on 23 June 1823 and waited until 2 July to show it to the Court of Policy. pressing the members. who were all slave proprietors. non to move on it instantly. It was non until 7 August the Court of Policy passed the needed declarations to follow the betterment regulations. While the betterment regulations were expecting acceptance in the Court of Policy. house slaves overheard their Masterss discoursing them. Not to the full understanding the deductions of the new regulations. they felt that the plantation owners had received instructions to put the slaves free but were declining to make so. This rumor was passed on to other slaves. One of these slaves. Jack Gladstone. heard the rumor from a slave owned by the Governor. and he wrote a missive to the members of Bethel Chapel informing them of the affair and signed his father’s name on it. His male parent was Quamina. a senior deacon of Bethel Chapel. On 25 July. Quamina. on acquisition of the affair. approached Rev. John Smith and informed him that the King of England had granted freedom to the slaves but it was being withheld. Smith said that he had non heard of any such order and added that he had heard that the British Government wanted to do ordinances to better the state of affairs impacting the slaves. but non to put them free. Quamina was non satisfied with what he heard and seemingly reported to the other slaves. some of whom began to do readyings to prehend their freedom which they felt was being intentionally kept off from them. The slaves in East Demerara were convinced that the Governor and their Masterss were keep backing their freedom from them and many of them felt they had no other option than to lift up against those who were non transporting out the King’s orders. On the forenoon of Sunday 17 August 1823 slaves at Mahaica met together at Plantation Success and three of them. Jack Gladstone. a Cooper on that plantation. Joseph Packwood and Manuel. assumed some sort of leading of the group. All of them began to be after an uprising. but Gladstone’s father. Quamina. who arrived at the meeting subsequently. objected to any bloody rebellion and suggested that the slaves should travel on work stoppage. When person asked if they should acquire guns to protect themselves. Quamina. a senior deacon at Rev. John Smith’s church. said he would hold to seek the advice of the missional on this affair. Quamina departed for Bethel Chapel at Le Ressouvenir. and after the Sunday service. he and two other slaves. Manuel and Seaton. went to Smith’s place. There they told the priest that the directors of the plantation should travel to Georgetown to â€Å"fetch up the New Law† . Smith rebuked them and advised them against talking to any of the directors about this. stating if they did so they would arouse the Governor. He begged them to wait until the Governor and their Masterss tell them about the new ordinances. When Quamina told Smith of the uprising being planned. the priest asked them to state the other slaves. peculiarly the Christians. non to arise. Quamina promised to obey Smith and he sent his two comrades to press other slaves non to arise. He besides told Smith he would direct a message in the eventide to the Mahaica slaves non to lift up against their Masterss. But despite Quamina’s attempts. the slaves were determined to arise from the following eventide. Their program was to prehend all guns on the plantations. lock up the White persons during the dark and so direct them to the Governor on the undermentioned forenoon to convey the â€Å"New Law† . Quamina urged them non to be violent in the procedure. But on the forenoon of Monday 18 August. the program was betrayed by Joseph Packwood. a house slave. who told his maestro about it. The plantation proprietor. Simpson. instantly gave this information to Governor Murray who with a group of soldiers rode up to the country of Le Ressouvenir and La Bonne Intention where he met a big group of armed Africans on the route. He asked them what they wanted and they replied. â€Å"Our right. † He so ordered them to give up their arms. and after they refused. he warned that their noncompliance would do them to lose whatever new benefits the new ordinances intended to give to them. Murray told them to travel place and to run into with him at Plantation Felicity the following forenoon. But the slaves refused this invitation and the Governor later that twenty-four hours proclaimed soldierly jurisprudence. It was really late that afternoon when Rev. John Smith foremost heard of the rebellion. In a note to his source. Jackey Reed. a slave who attended his church. he stated that hasty. violent steps were contrary to Christianity and begged Reed non to take part in the rebellion. Shortly after. while Smith and his married woman were walking on the plantation. they saw a big group of noisy African slaves outside the place of Hamilton. the director of Le Ressouvenir. Smith begged them non to harm Hamilton. but they told him to travel place. That dark the slaves seized and locked up White directors and superintendents on many plantations in East Demerara. There was really small force since the slaves seemingly heeded the petition made by Quamina. The Whites of course were really terrified and they feared they would be killed. But the slaves who were chiefly Christians did non desire to lose their spiritual character and they proclaimed that their action was a work stoppage and non a rebellion. The following twenty-four hours an Anglican priest. Wilthsire Austin. suggested to Governor Murray that he and Smith should be allowed to run into with the slaves to press them to return to work. But the Governor refused this to accept this suggestion. On Wednesday 20 August. the state of affairs took a unusual bend when Smith was arrested and charged for promoting the slaves to arise. The charges besides claimed that he conspired with Quamina and that he failed to inform the Governor of the planned rebellion. Out of an estimated 74. 000 slaves in the united Colony of Essequibo-Demerara about 13. 000 took portion in the rebellion. And out of the 350 estates in the Colony. merely about 37 were involved. No uncertainty. many who did non take portion sympathised with the Rebels and shared their intuition that the plantation owners would save no attempts to forestall them from obtaining their freedom. The rebellion collapsed really rapidly since the slaves. despite being armed. were ill organised. A group of soldiers commanded by Colonel Leahy clashed with about 2. 000 African slaves at Bachelor’s Adventure and viciously crushed them and more than 250 were killed. Some who escaped were hunted down by Amerindian slave-catchers and shooting. Quamina himself was shot dead by Amerindian slave-catchers in the backlands of Chateau Margot and his organic structure was subsequently publically hanged. Jack Gladstone was subsequently arrested and besides hanged. Because Rev. Smith was close to the leaders of the rebellion. he was arrested and charged for holding cognition that the slaves would arise and for non informing the governments. His apprehension which was encouraged by many of the plantation owners was seen as an act of retaliation against the priest for prophesying to the slaves. Smith denied the charge but he was imprisoned for seven hebdomads in Colony House before being tried by a tribunal Martial. He was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. He appealed to the British Government which later ordered a commuting of the decease sentence and that he should be set free. However. while expecting the consequences of his entreaty to get from England. he died from pneumonia in his prison. The information that he was acquitted arrived in Georgetown after his funeral.